Impact of Income on Purchase of Luxury Fashion Products The WritePass Journal

Impact of Income on Purchase of Luxury Fashion Products Executive Summary Impact of Income on Purchase of Luxury Fashion Products ) the luxury goods market increased by 4% in Europe in 2012, mainly attributable to high tourist spending but low local demand. Each year, more Chinese tourists visit Europe and are counted as biggest spenders on luxury products (Passariello, 2011). The marketers, in order to benefit from the emerging opportunities and promote sales of luxury fashion products, need to know the motivations of the targeted markets. The UK market is now recovering from recession and is an important market for sales of luxury fashion products. The economists suggest that as the income of consumers increases they move to quality goods from inferior goods. This is an objective explanation and the income is given as objective criteria however for luxury goods, marketers stress subjective reasons more. For example, Phau and Prendergast (2000) were of the view that how consumers perceive luxury is in subjective terms and it is their understanding of â€Å"luxury† which determines their related purchase behaviour. Marketers argue that income is not as important as a factor for purchasing luxury products. According to them Luxury goods consumption has always been a significant social practice while Berry (1994) explains that the value one attaches to luxury is a component crucial to the self-realization of a society. The marketers thus need to identify other factors that motivate the consumers to buy luxury fashions products besides income. The suggested research would study impact of income as well as important factors besides income that the marketers need to consider when developing their marketing campaigns for luxury fashion products. Dubois and Duquesne (1993) in their research found that culture is as important as income that determines the consumptions of luxury product s. 1.2 Research Aims and Objective: The research aim is to study the impact of income level on consumer decision making in the case of luxury fashion products.   The aim would be achieved by the following objectives: To review literature and understand the factors impacting consumer decision making for luxury products. To study income as a factor and how it impacts purchase decisions regarding luxury fashion products. To understand the role of income for purchase decisions by young women. To develop a framework to explain the income effect on purchase of luxury fashion products by women. To study the significance of variables other than income that has an impact on luxury purchase behaviour. To make recommendations to the companies and marketers dealing in luxury fashion products for women. 1.3 Research Question The main research question that the research would answer is: Does income influence purchasing of Luxury Fashion Products? The study would test related hypothesis such as: H1: Income is an important factor for purchase of luxury fashion products. H2: The women in different age groups have different buyer orientations towards luxury products. H3: Income if an important factor for young women in UK for consumption of luxury fashion products. H4: Income is not the main factor but value creation for older women when buying luxury fashion products. H5: Women only buy luxury fashion products when they have a high income. H6: Social motivations are more important variable for fashion conscious women in UK. H7: Luxury loving women do not consider income an important factor when purchasing luxury fashion products. 2 Preliminary Literature Review Whenever a consumer, practitioner or a researcher focuses on luxury goods, some specific characteristics of a number of luxury brands may come in mind such as Chanel suits, Cartier watches or Hermes handbags. These are all expensive, excellent quality, aesthetic heritage, design, reputation, desirability, exclusivity, inaccessibility, and personality reflection (Quelch, 2006). Quelch (2006, p.100) states that: Luxury brands are those whose ratio of functional utility to price is low while the ratio of intangible and situational utility to price is high. Besides satisfying the material needs of the consumers, the luxury goods also addresses social and symbolic needs (Wiedmann et al., 2007). Some researchers have further delineated luxury goods by comparing and contrasting their characteristics to the characteristics of mass consumption products. Riley, Lomax, and Blunden (2004) specified various features of luxury goods (e.g., Christian Dior fragrance) differing from everyday consumer goods (e.g., Dove soap). According to scholars, luxury goods are intended for niche market segments (Riley, Lomax, and Blunden, 2004). The marketers of luxury fashion products use exclusive placing, promotion, distribution and marketing segmentation techniques. On the other hand, for non-luxury products, they focus more on functionality and price. When buying luxury goods the consumers are influenced by quality, status and prestigious brands. Marketers emphasize association with heritage and craftsmanship when positioning luxury brands. Riley, Lomax, an d Blunden (2004) also explained that after-sales services and several other methods of value creation are very important in luxury goods. Hauck and Stanforth (2007) said that income effects, to some extent, the perception of luxury. For example, something might be a perceived necessity for one person while a perceived luxury for another. A popular way to identify luxury is based on five factors framework given by Phau and Prendergast (2000). These factors include brand identity, exclusiveness, high level of brand awareness; focus on customer loyalty and quality. In consumer behaviour literature the model given by Vickers and Renand (2003) explains that the purchase behaviour is determined by experiential, interactional symbolic and functional aspects for luxury goods since they are high in both social and personal identity. The non luxury products are only high in functional aspects. The model given by Seringhaus (2005) includes emotion related factors like personality and image, effective symbolic communication for brand identity and congruence with self-concept which positions luxury brands. According to Tse (1996), most of the research done on consumption strongly indicates the reflection of Western society and its impact on individualistic goals. In an individualist society, the behaviour and motivational factors of consumers when purchasing products may be fundamentally different from those in a collectivist society. Numerous scholars (e.g., Phau Prendergast, 2000) have testified that collectivist consumers have different attitudes and perceptions regarding luxury brands as compared to the consumers belonging to the individualist societies.   Wiedmann, Hennigs, and Siebels (2007) however, argued that consumer behaviour for product categories like cars, fashion and luxuries is independent of their cultures and regions. According to this school of thought, the information search and exchange are universal in nature for such kind of products.   Behaviour is an aspect of attitude derived from values and hence is associated to culture. Since attitudes are a projection of beliefs; consumers holding different beliefs about making purchases will therefore differ in their methods of searching information and making purchase decisions Personal attitude and values of a consumer has a bigger impact on their purchase behavior than their income. This means that people of same income group but different social and cultural backgrounds may have different approach towards buying luxury goods, depending upon their preferences and values. For instance the low income segment of consumers may possibly have a desire to buy only the best, as a result of which they may not buy bulk of luxury goods but quality goods. By and large, consumers can be divided into three categories on the basis of their income level: average, elite and lower class. It must be noted that though there would be a substantial difference between the purchasing power of the elite and lower class however both the classes have certain purchasing habits similar to their respective classified segment. But despite all this, it would be illogical to deny the impact of income on a consumer’s buying behavior, on both, prices and types of products. Early researchers argued that social class can be a better predictor of consumer purchase behavior than income (Keiser and Kuehl, 1972; Shimp and Yokum, 1981). Likewise, Coleman (1960 in Keiser, and Kuehl, 1972) found that while purchasing furniture, the prices of purchased goods and social class have a higher correlation than between the prices of purchased goods and income. To find the answer to the debate of income versus social class, numerous researches were conducted. The answers established the superiority of income over social class (e.g. Myers et al., 1971). According to Myers and his colleagues (1971) income had more predictive power over social class, when examining the purchase behavior of low priced goods, semi-durable and durable products, cosmetics, plus services such as travel, furniture, clothing and appliances. Sivadas (1997) also testified that income is a better predictor than social class when it comes to consumer behavior for leisure and recreational activities. Earlier consumers used to shop according to the value of dollar, which stayed limited to purchasing necessary products and services only. Modern shoppers, however, make purchases when rewarding themselves and utilize shopping as a method of â€Å"feeling good† and self-satisfaction. In contemporary society, consumers make purchases to make a statement, exhibit their personality and boost their self-image. Since the purchased goods are in accordance with the psyche of the consumers, the researcher decided to assess the pattern of consumer purchase behavior with regards to luxury products.   Some researches take income as the prerequisite, for example they study elite consumers only when studying consumption of luxury fashion products. They then use psychosocial variables to differentiate between the consumers of luxury products (Xiao and Pras, 2011). Researchers further show that even though men buy more luxury products in few cultures but the decision is influenced greatly by women. Study by Kaefer, Heilman and Ramenofsky (2012) showed that attitude of wife towards luxury products is very important and women have an impact on spending their spouses. Truong (2010) considers the role of personal aspirations and suggested that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are important for consumption of luxury goods. 3 Methodology 3.1 Research Philosophy: The methodology design is a very important part of any research based study. For the purpose of this research, it is suggested that a logical positivism research philosophy should be adopted. The philosophy suggests that empirical analysis should be backed by a logical analysis (Potter, 1996). Such a research would not only suggest findings but would also justify the findings using logic and literature.   Using this philosophy would add a qualitative aspect to the research and would help the reader better understand the findings and implications. 3.2 Research Approach: Research approach can be defined as the studying of a phenomenon in order to collect, transmit and produce knowledge under the examination of a researcher. Thomas (2003) noted that either of the two research approaches, i.e. qualitative or quantitative or both, can be used in a dissertation depending upon the nature and purpose of the study. Qualitative research is also referred to as inductive approach, through which one can understand the research context and the occurrence of different events. However, the drawback of this research approach is its extensive nature and that it is hard to be defined and measured. Different scholars have observed that this approach relies upon a phenomenological and post-empirical assessment of the world, which perceives that reality is constructed socially as depicted by the situational context (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The quantitative research method, otherwise termed as deductive research approach, can be largely regarded as the scientific data co llection method. The quantitative data can be effectively classified, measured and assessed due to its numerical outlook. It is framed on firm rules or formulas and follows very strict procedures for making determinations (Bryman and Bell, 2007). A quantitative approach is being used because the results can be easily generalised and presented in the form of an empirical analysis. The quantitative study would provide an objective measure for importance of income for purchase of luxury fashion products. Furthermore, significant variables other than income and the extent of dependence of consumption of luxury on them can be identified using the quantitative approach. In this research, a quantitative approach is suggested using a survey strategy. The quantitative approach would help study the significance of income as a variable in quantitative terms. A survey strategy is easy and economical, and can help collect quality data in short spaces of time (Saunders et al., 2007). The sample size for the survey is suggested to be 300 however the size can be reduced due to certain problems and limitations of research. Furthermore, as aforementioned, demographic sampling would be used. Women in UK from aged between 16-45 years would be randomly selected and contacted for the study and would be asked to fill questionnaires. This age group has been chosen because they have exposure to different levels of income as well as social motivations are different at different ages.   Furthermore, women are generally thought to be the intra-house income decision makers and consumption allocators (Bourguignon et al., 1993; Ashraf, 2009). 4 Data Collection and Analysis For data collection purposes, a researcher is provided with two techniques: primary data collection and secondary data collection.   The suggested research would be primary research and would make use of primary data primarily. As previously mentioned, a survey strategy would be employed and in accordance, questionnaires would be used as data collection tools.   The development of a questionnaire is a lengthy process however it is alongside meeting the data collection needs of the research. Prior to development of the questionnaire a framework would be designed using literature review. Using the literature review, main variables would be indentified that have an impact on purchase and consumption of luxury fashion products. For the initial literature review it is suggested to include several variables such as perceived quality, brand loyalty and social status and as such they should be studied as independent variables. Income can be used as an independent variable or a moderating variable in the study. The choice would be clearer for the researcher after reviewing more literature on the subject. Lastly, the purchase behavior would be the dependent variable. For the purpose of analysis, SPSS would be used which would make the data collection, management and analysis easier. 4.1 Reliability, Validity, And Generalisability: For any research, issues regarding qualitative or quantitative data, reliability, validity and generalisability are important factors for determining the quality. For quantitative research, the reliability and validity can be tested in quantitative terms (Creswell, 2009). For example, in the suggested study a pilot test would be conducted and using croncbach’s alpha the validity and reliability would be determined. Furthermore, using triangulation and support from literature the findings would be supported according to the logical positivism approach. This research focuses on an in-depth analysis of the purchase behaviour of women in mainland or suburban areas of the UK, whilst keeping in focus the significance of different income groups of consumers within a market. Since this study is limited to the urban markets of luxury, it might therefore be inappropriate to generalize the results of the study to beyond the urban and suburban areas of UK. Similarly the gender and age based sampling decreases the generalisability of the study. 4.2 Research Limitations The most important limitations that the researcher would need to consider at every step of research are time and capital. Besides time and finance, the scope of the research would be limited to luxury goods and the UK market. The realm of luxury goods constitutes capital goods like personal jets, real estate, luxury automobiles, and yachts; consumer services in expensive retail stores, resorts and hotels; and wines and champagne, as well as exotic vacations, travelling; and financial services such as credit cards etc., targeted at elite class consumers. However this study will keep itself limited to the superior personal fashion goods such as apparel, perfume and accessories, such as watches, handbags, shoes and jewellery. The research conducted in the future could examine the other product categories for further exploration of the luxury goods market in UK. 5 Conclusion This study is aimed at understanding and assessing luxury goods consumer behaviour. Product development, communications management, branding strategies and numerous other business activities require understanding consumer behavior, especially towards luxury products. In order for the designers, retailers and producers of the luxury products brands to benefit from the market expansion trends, they need to have a thorough understanding of the consumer behaviour of their target market. Therefore a proactive investigation of the target consumers and their purchase behaviour is necessary to derive the implications for marketers of the industry. Therefore to this end this research provides an insight for practitioners of the UK luxury goods market by documenting the potential and the landscape of the UK goods industry with valuable information regarding the consumer behaviour. 6  TIME CHART References Agarwal, J. and Wu, T. (2004). China’s entry to WTO: global marketing issues, impact and implications for China. International Marketing Review. Vol. 21. P.279. Ashraf, N. (2009). Spousal Control and Intra-household Decision Making: An Experimental Study in the Philippines. American Economic Review. 99(4). Pp. 1245–77. Atsmon, Y. Dixit, V. And Wu, C. (2011). Tapping China’s luxury-goods market. [Online] Mckinsey Quarterly. Available at: mckinseyquarterly.com/Tapping_Chinas_luxury-goods_market_2779 [16th April, 2012]. Berry, C.J. (1994). The idea of luxury: A conceptual and histiorical investigation. New York: Cambridge University Press. Bourguignon, F and Chiappori, PA and Browning, M and Lechene, V (1993) Intra -Household Allocation of Consumption: A Model and Some Evidence from. Annales dEconomie et de Statistique 0(29). Pp.137–56. Bryman, A., and Bell, E., (2007), Business research methods, Oxford University Press, New York. Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry research design: choosing among five approaches. Oaks, Calif.: Sage, cop. Djelic, M.L. and Ainamo. A. (1999). The convolution of new organizational forms in the fashion industry: A historical and comparative study of France, Italy, and the United States. Organization Science. 10(5). Pp 622-637. Dubois, B and Duquesne, P. (1993). The Market for Luxury Goods: Income versus Culture. European Journal of Marketing. 27(1), pp.35 – 44 Hauck, W.E. and Stanforth, N. (2007). Cohort perception of luxury goods and services. Journal of Fashion Marketing and management. 11 (2). Kaefer, F., Heilman, C.M. and Ramenofsky, SD. (2012). The impact of a wifes budgetary and romantic attitudes towards luxury goods on their self-purchases and purchases made for them by their husbands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 19(3). Pp. 297–303. Keiser, K. S. and Kuehl, P. G. (1972). Social Class and Income Influences on External Search Processes of Adolescents, Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Association for Consumer Research, 1972; pp. 602-631 Myers, J. H. Stanton, R. R. and Haug, A. F. (1971). Correlates of Buying Behavior: Social Class vs. Income, Journal of Marketing, 35 (4). pp. 8–16. Passariello, C. (2011). Spenders Splurge on Luxury in Europe. . [Online] The Wall Street Journal. Available at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703726904576192600105705670.html [16th April, 2012]. Phau, I. and Prendergast, G. (2000). Consuming luxury brands: The relevance of the Rarity principle. Journal of Brand Management. 8 (2). Pp. 122-138. Potter, J.A. (1996). An Analysis Of Thinking And Research About Qualitative Methods. Mahwah, NJ: Routledge. Quelch, J.A. (2006). Readings In Modern Marketing. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. Riley, F.D., Lomax, W. And Blunden, A. (2004). Dove vs. Dior: Extending the Brand Extension Decision-Making Process from Mass to Luxury. Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ). 12(3). Pp. 40–55. Riley, F.D.O., Lomax, W. and Blunden. A. (2004). Dove vs. Dior: extending the brand extension decsiion making process from mass to luxury. Australasian Marketing Journal. 12 (3). Pp 40-55. Roberts, A. (2012). Cavalli CEO Says Europe’s Luxury Goods Market Is in Difficulty. [Online] Bloomberg. Available at: bloomberg.com/news/2012-02-24/cavalli-ceo-says-europe-s-luxury-goods-market-is-in-difficulty.html [16th April, 2012]. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students, Delhi: Pearson Education. Seringhaus, F.H.R. (2005).Selling Luxury Brands online. Journal of Internet Commerce. 4(1). Pp.1-25 Shimp, T. A., Yokum, J. T. (1981). Extensions of the Basic Social Class Model Employed in Consumer Research. Advances in Consumer Research, 8. pp. 702-707. Silverstein, M.J. Fiske, N. and Butman, J. (2003). Trading up: The new American Luxury. New York: Portfolio. Sivadas, E. A. (1997). A preliminary examination of the continuing significance of social class to marketing: a geo-demographic replication, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 14 (6). pp. 463-479. Thomas, R.M. (2003). Blending qualitative quantitative research methods in theses and dissertations, Oaks, Calif.: Corwin Press. Truong, Y. (2010). Personal aspirations and the consumption of luxury goods. International Journal of Market Research. 52(5). P. 655. Tse, D. (1996). Understanding Chinese people as consumers: Past finingds and future propositions. In M.H. Bond, The Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Vickers, J.S. and Renand, F. (2003). The marketing of luxury goods: an exploratory stiudy- three conceptual dimesions, Marketing Review. 3. Pp. 459-478. Wiedmann, K.P. Hennings, N, and Siebels. A. (2007). Measuring consumer’s luxury value perception: a cross-cultural framework. Academy of Marketing Science Review. 2007 (7), pp 1-21. Xiao Lu, P. and Pras, B. (2011), Profiling mass affluent luxury goods consumers in China: A psychographic approach. Thunderbird Intl Bus Rev, 53. Pp.  435–455.

tigers essays

tigers essays In Riau, a conservation forest, Sumatran tigers have killed three illegal loggers, including several others over the past week. The first reported attack took place on May 7 in the 150,000-acre Senepis Tiger Conservation Area, which is located near the coastal town of Dumai. For a while now, heavy logging has taken place in Riau, leaving the forest severely destroyed to make way for palm oil plantations. Due to the deforestation, the habitat of tigers has been intruded, forcing them to flee and search for food in the nearby villages or to attack loggers. Police say that Tulus, one of the victims, had been so savagely attacked that only his severed head was left intact when police found his remains. The attack took place on Thursday, when six other loggers, including Tulus, went into the forest to cut down trees. The same tiger that attacked Tulus also seriously wounded two other loggers, and killed two others outside of the conservation area. Even though the loggers were illegally cutting down trees and endangering the Sumatran tigers, I do not believe they deserved to be attacked as severely as they were. The tigers on the other hand, have a right to be overprotective and desperately in need of food. Its like a robber coming into your house and taking all your food. Would you really just let him do that? As a result, it is the loggers fault that they got attacked. First off, they were cutting down trees in a Tiger Conservation Area, hint there are tigers there. Second, they destroyed the tigers habitat and left them to search for food in other places. Third, they were illegally cutting down trees. Maybe the loggers did not deserve to die, but I think the a tiger bite or two would have taught them a thing or two about invading and destroying someones home. ...

Role played by Housing in Relation to Urban Regeneration in London Essay

Role played by Housing in Relation to Urban Regeneration in London - Essay Example However, housing in London contributes to urban regeneration indirectly because it has relationships with various other physical, environmental, social, cultural, and economical issues that result to urban regeneration. In London, the contribution of housing towards urban regeneration can be divided into two broad parts; indirectly contributions (housing plus) and direct contributions (Stouten 2010, p. 46). These two types of housing contributions towards urban regeneration has impacts on all levels of regeneration such as national, individual, and local levels.From the year 1850 onwards, the condition of urban poverty in the London’s slums started to draw the interest of most social reformers as well as philanthropists. The social reformers as well as the philanthropists due to the increased urban poverty in London slums started a movement to ensure implementation of social housing, which highly contributed to urban regeneration. Their fast target was one of the biggest and n otorious slums in London known as Devil’s Acre, which is near Westminster (McCarthy 2006, p. 68). This is clear evidence that housing played a vital role towards urban regeneration in London as well as in other countries. The founders of this new social housing movement were George Peabody and Peabody trust who had great impact towards urban regeneration in London.Clearance of slums in London started with all Rochester buildings around the Perkin and Old Pye Streets whose constructions took place in the year 1862.

Legal Analysis Memorandum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Analysis Memorandum - Assignment Example As well they observed the defendant handing a bag of white powder to someone standing beside the couch. After identifying themselves, and being granted entrance into the house, the police officers explained to all present what they had observed. At that point they saw sandwiched between cushions on the couch, what appeared to be a firearm. Upon inspection they discovered a total of four firearms, none of which were registered as required by DC law. Thereafter the police then conducted a pat-down search of Mr. Blake and everyone else in the room. The officers found that Mr. Blake had on his person a large amount of suspected marijuana, suspected cocaine, and money ($400). Another occupant of the room had a baggie of suspected cocaine (white powder). Mr. Blake was then charged with possession of a controlled substance, distribution of a controlled substance, and possession of an unregistered firearm. ... II. Rule: The â€Å"reasonable expectation of privacy† is determined by the findings in Minnesota v. Carter. As well determined by the Minnesota Court is the issue of whether Blake enjoyed the right to a Commercial Business based expectation of privacy since he and the owner of the house in question conducted business out of the basement of this house. The â€Å"lawfulness of the search† in this matter is settled by the case law in Rawlings v. Kentucky, where the Court specifically held that the search that was incident to the observation of drug parts and subsequent obtaining of a warrant was lawful although the evidence was found inside a purse which the defendant had put the drugs in just before the police arrived. Due to the temporality of the placement and proximity of the evidence to the Defendant, the defendant was not allowed to prevail on his argument of an unlawful search. The issue of whether the evidence was in â€Å"plain view† to the officers is add ressed by the Court in Horton v. California, which found this term to be defined broadly enough to cover the Blake scenario. The issue of a lawful search in a more intrusive scenario was determined to be unlawful because of the close proximity and no probable cause basis in the case of Florida v. Jardines. Finally, the issue of unlawful entry and subsequent violations thereto was addressed in Mapp v. Ohio, wherein the Court imposed the standard granted in the Fourth Amendment’s right to privacy on the States and their agents, in not allowing evidence that was seized without a warrant and against the will of the occupant of the house where there was no probable cause and a

Constitutional purpose and other uses of U.S. Census Essay Example for Free

Constitutional purpose and other uses of U.S. Census Essay Political power and the respective share of every state of the federal money are simply the Constitutional purposes of Census in the United States (Cole, 2009). These are the underlying reasons why for every ten years, the government mails the citizens with Census forms to fill out with their personal information of circumstances. Under an original objective which is just to have a correct or exact count and record of the American population, the U. S. census now signifies its importance in determining the number of congressional districts. Beyond the Congressional purposes of the Census, it is its practical uses to people’s daily living that ultimately signify its value to the nation. In terms of re-appointment of the members of House of Representatives, Cole further explains that it is under the Constitution that census affects or determines the respective circumstances of each state. Census particularly manifests which states gain or lose Congressional seats. Simply put, Cole states that â€Å"the census determines how many House of Representative Members you will have representing your district in Washington D. C. † (Cole, 2009, p. 1). This is where Census’ Congressional purpose of political power is shown. This is because if the population of one state decreased based from the last census, one or more Representative member is removed from a specified state. On the same token that a particular state reflected relevant increase during the last census, then additional member represents the said state. Hence, the population of one state, as what the Census reflects, establishes if such area requires of being redrawn after showing an increase or loss in the area’s population (Cole, 2009). Aside from the said Congressional purposes of the U. S. Census, there are at least five practical ways to use such gathering of information. Of the five primary objectives of the census, its three most important uses include the following. First is to count the country’s population including the number of American households. The second important use of the census is it is a way to collect data and to create information in order for both the federal government and the states to come up with rational budget. Another use of the census is its power to create information which serves various social entities such as the branches of economy, education, research, business and other significant components of the nation (â€Å"Uses of Census Data,† n. d. ). While a bigger part of the information provided by the public to the census is eventually kept secret for the next 72 years, the valuable pieces of information are used. This condition holds true especially during instances in the daily lives of the people. For instance, census is very important to the general public in terms of using the collected data in a number of fields or disciplines that are significant to people. In fact, census is applied to personal experience of an individual. Just like in my case, census proved to be valuable in three aspects. One, I used the information given by the census when I decided that there is a need to change the place of my resident. Census also made me decide what field of learning to choose depending on the state of employment and the value of wage per occupation in a particular location. I likewise was able to make use of census when I looked for a place that became the best suitable area where I opened my business few years back. References Central Bureau of Statistics. (n. d. ). Uses of Census Data. Retrieved July 24, 2009, from http://www. cbs. gov. il/w/censusshtml/UN-SSI41795192. shtml Cole, L. (2009). Census Records and the Constitution. Retrieved July 24, 2009, from http://www. associatedcontent. com/article/1905082/census_records_and_the_constitution_pg2. html? cat=37

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Essay -- Greasy Lake

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Sudden and Ironic events that happen to the narrator in T.C. Boyle’s short story â€Å"Greasy Lake† are the same type of events that in an instant will change a person forever. The ironic circumstances that the narrator in â€Å"Greasy Lake† finds himself in are the same circumstances that young people find themselves in when fighting war. The viewpoint of the world that the narrator has, completely alters as certain events take place throughout the story. His outlook on nature transforms into a wholly different standpoint as the story progresses. As his tale begins, the narrator sees himself as a tough guy or â€Å"bad character†. He believes he is invincible. There is nobody as cool as he is or as dangerous as him and his friends are. With his followers, the narrator goes to Greasy Lake, he takes in the nature that surrounds him. He thinks of himself to be a kid who knows everything. To him, the lake represents a night of misbehavior and partying. The unhealthy, treacherous atmosphere of Greasy Lake is alluring, fun, and exciting to someone as threatening as he is. â€Å"We went up to the lake because everyone went there, because we wanted to snuff the rich sent of possibility on the breeze, watch a girl take off her clothes and plunge into the festering murk, drink beer, smoke pot, howl at the stars, sa vor the incongruous full-throated roar of rock and roll against the primeval susurrus of frogs and crickets. This was nature.† This quote gives a clear idea of what the narrators perception of what not only nature is, but of what the world is. He lives to have fun. He is fearless and lives for the moment. All that life is to him is sex, drugs, and rock and roll. His observations of surrounding nature changes after a few ironic incidents occur. The role he plays reverses itself and he finds that he is merely a scared child who is lost and alone in a big scary world. While at Greasy Lake, he is involved in a terrible fight where he almost kills another person, and attempts the heinous crime of rape onto an innocent girl. As he begins to gang rape an innocent victim he is forced to run for his own safety when more people show up at the scene. Ironically, within minutes he converts from being the bad guy, forcing himself on an unwilling victim, to becoming a scared kid hiding in the woods from attackers. While... ...but scared children who are alone and lost in the world, the kids who fought battle in Vietnam went to war thinking they knew all of the answers and somewhere in the middle of it all they realized that they are scared kids who don’t understand what is going on the world around them. They wish only to be in the safety of their mothers home. Everything in the story symbolizes and relates to the truth in war, attitude and actions that cause war are the same that take place with the characters inGreasy lake. The changes that the narrator goes through at Greasy lake are similar changes that happened in young kids who fought in the Vietnam War. The sequence of events that take place at Greasy Lake cause the narrator to grow up and see reality for the first time in his life. The young nineteen year olds who fought in Vietnam went through the same metamorphose as the narrator in Greasy Lake did, War is started by plain stupidity and you figure it out when it’s too late and there is nothing that can be done to change your actions. The characters in Greasy lake are allegorically young men who fought war, their actions and feelings grasp and relate to the actions and feelings of war.

Implant of Radio-frequency identification tags in human body has more pros than cons Essay

1.0 Introduction RFID is the wireless non-contact use of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data. The purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. Since RFID tags can be attached to clothing, possessions, or even implanted within people the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised privacy concerns. There are three types of RFID such as passive, semi-passive and active. For the passive RFID tags does not contain a battery, the power is supplied by the reader. When radio waves from the reader are encountered by passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag forms a magnetic field. For the semi-passive RFID tags are very similar to passive tags except for the addition of a small battery. This battery allows the tag IC to be constantly powered. Semi-passive RFID tags are faster in response and therefore stronger in reading ratio compared to passive tags. Therefore, the active RFID tag when it is equipped with a battery that can be used as a partial or complete source of power for the tag’s circuitry and antenna It may have longer range and larger memories than passive tags as well as the ability to store additional information sent by the transceiver. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology for human implants and investigates the technological feasibility of such implants for locating and tracking persons or for remotely controlling human biological functions. A human microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit device or RFID transponder encased in silicate glass and implanted in the body of a human being. A subdermal implant typically contains a unique ID number that can be linked to information contained in an external database, such as personal identification, physiological characteristics, health, medical history, medications, allergies, and contact information. A classical example of human identification based on RFID-implant is given by the VeriChip tag (11 mm long and about 1mm in diameter) which contains numerical code (identifiers) readable at 10 centimeters or less using a handheld reader. When illuminating by the low-frequency magnetic field (134 KHz) generated by the reader, the RFID tag powers itself up and transmits a 16-digit code that is unique to the tag. Recent developments in RFID technology have opened up new potential applications, where RFID devices are implanted in the human body for locating and tracking persons or for remotely controlling human biological functions. 2.0Content 2.1Medical field The primary goal of applying RFID technology in healthcare is to improve patient safety. First, RFID is a valuable tool for quickly retrieving patient information, allergies, and medication the patient is currently taking or medication a doctor will prescribe to the patient and monitoring patient location in hospitals so as to improve the accuracy of patient identification. Besides, microchip contains a unique identification number that emergency personnel may scan to immediately identify the patient and access his or her personal health information, thus facilitating appropriate treatment without delay. This is especially important for patients who suffer from conditions that may render them unconscious, confused, or unable to communicate. Doctors would also be able to decide the needed equipment and medication with minimal delay in an emergency case where every second is decisive. With the implanted chip, a RFID reader, and a wireless connection, a doctor or nurse can pull up the patient’s information, or even update the patient information in real time. Some benefits of this include less patient mix-up, being able to access the patient information in real time, and fewer mistakes due to human error during data recording. Productivity would increase since the doctors and nurses would not have to go to a computer to enter in the updated information. This would allow doctors and nurses to focus more on their professional duties Alzheimer disease, the most common form of dementia which has no cure till date, the most common symptoms is difficult to remember recent events. This has place great burden on caregivers as they have to constantly look after the patient, worrying them lose track in middle of nowhere. By implanting RFID tags in those patients, it is easy to identify and monitor the location and keep track of those patients with Alzheimer disease for their safety purposes. Alerting services can identify possible human errors and warn care providers in case of danger. For example, automatic sponge counting by RFID can avoid sponge left inside the patient body. 2.1.1Evidence 1) VeriChip, the company that hold the rights and patents to the implantable chip for humans, has sold 7,000 chips with 2,000 of which have been placed in people, according to Scott Silverman, chairman of Applied Digital, which owns VeriChip. The company’s present focus is tagging â€Å"high-risk† patients, such as those with diabetes, heart conditions or Alzheimer’s. (July 30, 2007) 2) According to a survey on employed professional and semi-professional people done in Pittsburgh, US, 62.5% of the total respondents (comprises of both sexes with equal votes) were willing to accept implants for medical reason 3) A number of RFID-related software applications were developed in Taiwan. Some of these applications focused on the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to prevent spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) disease. These applications include computerized systems for monitoring the body temperature of healthcare personnel and patients with implanted RFID tag in the hospital, track potential virus carriers and, when necessary, map their movements throughout hospitals and keeping track of people under quarantine in facilities separate from hospitals. 4) Don Mackechnie, the chairman of the British Medical Association’s Accident and Emergency committee, and a consultant at the Rochdale Infirmary, said: â€Å"Such a device (RFID tag implantation) could prove very useful in a situation where we have an unconscious patient with an unknown medical history. 5) Twenty-five Alzheimer’s patients were implanted with radio frequency identification chips that can be linked to their medical records and be tracked if they are lost. The patients were implanted at the 2007 Alzheimer’s Educational Conference in West Palm Beach, Florida. The chips, from VeriChip Corp., Delray Beach, Calif., work with the vendor’s VeriMed Patient Identification System. Each chip contains a 16-digit identification number that is linked to a patient’s medical records in a database at the medical facility. Waving the vendor’s RFID reader over a patient implanted with a chip can capture the number. Emergency personnel can also use the scanner to identify patients. The event was sponsored by Alzheimer’s Community Care, a local provider organization. Those who elected to receive the chip are not part of VeriChip’s recently announced study with the organization, which will implant 200 Alzheimer’s patients and their caregivers with the chips. In the study, the patient’s medical record will include their Alzheimer’s diagnosis, related medications, caregiver contact information, and other information. 2.2Human Tracking A tracking function could aid authorities in locating missing people such as kidnapping victim. As the numbers of abduction are surging nowadays, RFID implant in human body become the most effective way to fight against this crime. RFID implant in human body can help the authorities to identify their location if they were kidnapped. In fact, RFID implants in children are gaining popularity in Latin American and Russian markets, where parents fear that their children may be kidnapped and are therefore willing to brand them electronically in the hope that it will make it easier to trace kidnapped victims. One of the current issues of the world is the escalating numbers of crime. Because of this, authorities may use RFID tracking chips to track fugitives, terrorists, criminals and more. For example, by implanting the RFID tag into the criminal body, it would be easy to track them if they escape by any means. This chip allows the authority to track back the fugitives easily as the tag will locate the location of the criminal. This implantation will certainly help to ensure the safety of citizens from escaped felons at all time. Besides, these tags are incredibly versatile and may help the lives of countless people with chronic medical problems as well as keeping track of the vulnerable members (extremely young and old) of our society. A vulnerable elderly need this tags because of disability to remember the way back home, age or illness, and may be unable to take care or protect themselves against significant harm or exploitation. So a tag on old people can let the authorities find back them easily. Furthermore, schools are taking advantage of biometrics and RFID technology, as they are cognizant of the increasingly more complex responsibility of keeping children accounted for and safe from arrival through after school programs to transport home. 2.2.1Evidence 1) A real case of implantation of RFID happened in Mexico. According to the 2011 Mexican congressional report, kidnappings have jumped 317 percent in the past five years. Surprisingly, one fifth of instances have involved police officers or soldiers, which leads to a mistrust of these authority figures. Thus, some of the Mexicans pay for the implantation of RFID to protect themselves, so that they could be tracked in the case of being kidnapped. They are now having themselves implanted with RFID tracking chips which can help them to be rescued. Xega, the Mexican company that sells the chips and performs the implants, says its sales have increased 40 percent in the past two years. The company says it has successfully helped rescue 178 clients in the past decade. 2) In Brazil, where Applied Digital has already signed a deal on 2004 to supply RFID tracking chips to distributors in Brazil to help them to fight against kidnapping. Government official says that the chips could be used to t rack down victims via satellite. 2.3Convenience With an RFID implant in the human body, shopping could be as easy as waving your hand and such routine tasks would take less time. The customer can automate the process by simply scanning their implanted chip and the business could match the customer and shipment numbers with the barcode number on the item that is to be returned. They would no longer need a receipt to do so and prevent unnecessary arguments. This new technology makes the purchasing function faster and more convenient. If a bank account or credit card account is linked to an implanted microchip, making a purchase would be extremely fast and safe. Consumers can also enjoy the peace of mind knowing that there is a greatly reduced change of having their â€Å"card† stolen because it would be imbedded in their hand. Perhaps by utilizing microchip implants banking/credit card applications, females would not have to carry a purse everywhere they go and in turn reduce the risk of theft and, thus, reducing identity theft and fraud, which also appeared to be an important issue to women. Moreover, employers are exploring the advantages of utilizing these technologies to ensure only those employees authorized can enter buildings, turn on lights, access computers, change office thermostat settings and operate specialized machinery safely and according to set standards based on a system that can authenticate those employees who meet the re-determined levels of permission. With the implantation of RFID chips, people could stop worrying about keys for their house and cars, the lock code of doors, computers, and much more. Kevin Warwick, a professor had a microelectrode array implanted in the median nerve fibers of his left arm that allowed him to develop a system that could connect his nervous system and a computer (Foster and Jaeger 45). Some people who had RFID chips implanted in their bodies have developed circuits that will allow them to start their cars by waving their hands near a reader (Foster and Jaeger 45). It would certainly reduce the cases of car stolen as the cars cannot be accessed by people other than the specified person. People can access all of their things with the single micro chips that they have implanted inside their body. 2.3.1Statistics Based on a survey done in Pittsburgh, USA, it was found that working professionals between the ages of 25 and 36 years will be more adaptable to the microchips implant technologies than other age groups. Numerous studies have also shown that younger people are more likely to adapt to this new technology, particularly those who fall in the age category of 25 to 36, since they are most likely representative of the younger well-educated professionals. 2.3.2Evidence 1) Baja Beach Club in Barcelona, Spain Launches Microchip Implantation for VIP members (first discotheque in the world to offer the VIP VeriChip) on 7 April, 2004 * Using an integrated (imbedded) microchip, the VIPS can identify themselves and pay for their food and drinks without the need for any kind of document (ID). Special zone at Baja beach Club where only VIPs are allowed contains various exclusive services for these members. Therefore, they won’t have to carry a wallet. By simply passing by our reader, the Baja beach Club will know who you are and what your credit balance is. From the moment of their implantation they will also have free entry and access to the VIP area The customers like the fact that they do not have to carry a credit card or ID card with them and with the VeriPay system, they no longer have to worry about their credit cards getting lost or stolen.† 2) 18 staff members of the Mexican Attorney General’s office have been implanted with the â€Å"Verichip† to control access to a data room * Mexico’s top federal prosecutors and investigators began receiving chip implants in their arms in November 2003 in order to get access to restricted areas inside the attorney general’s headquarters, said Antonio Aceves, general director of Solusat, the company that distributes the microchips in Mexico.† Although the technology can be out there to duplicate (a chip), but what can’t be stolen is the unique identification number and the information that is tied to that number†, said by director of RFID analysis at ABI Research Inc. based on theory that the chips could be as secure as existing RFID-based access control systems such as the contactless employee badges widely used in corporate and government facilities. Silverman said his company’s system is nevertheless safe because its chips can o nly be read by the company’s proprietary scanners. 2.4Customers Relationship Management Companies could track customers’ personal purchases and send promotional items personally tailored to their customers. This has the potential to be a safe and cost-effective way to improve marketing and customer services of companies. Hence, improving customer services is where the benefits are more apparent for implant. The second improvement to CRM identified is the improvement of dispute resolution through reverse logistics. With this technology, any purchases that are made in a store can be database and store for later recollection. For example, this may mean that if a customer needs to return an item they would no longer need a receipt to do so. The customer can automate the process by simply scanning their implanted chip and the business could match the customer and shipment numbers with the barcode number on the item that to be returned. This application of relatively inexpensive technology could stop the countless hours and aggravation that customer service managers spend on trying to accommodate consumer’s disputes. It would also get a great distance on stopping fraud and other scams that cost stores millions of dollars each year. If it is more difficult to forge documentation of a purchase then potential thieves would seek easier prey for customer fraud and theft. Besides, purchasing made by customers is faster by using RFID which will help companies work more efficiently and effectively. This will help company to reduce time and cost and improve company performances. Another important improvement that is identified in the conceptual model is the ability of this new technology to make the purchasing function faster and more convenient. If widespread acceptance could be achieved, there is a distinct possibility that credit and banking cards may become obsolete in the near future. If a bank account or credit card account is linked to an implanted microchip, making a purchase would be extremely fast and safe. This implication would serve credit card companies in its ability to stop credit card theft, since a relatively simple precaution may be used that invalidates the microchip if tampered with and forcibly removed. Huge savings may be realized if even small reductions in credit card and identity theft were possible. This enhanced security would allow credit card companies’ capital to increase the credit lines of their consumers and also potentially lower interest rates. 3.0Conclusion In conclusion, RFID applications can provide significant benefits to the healthcare industry to ensure patient safety, avoid medical errors as well as improve efficiency. In fact, healthcare is predicted to be one of the major growth areas for RFID. Besides, RFID can keep track of elderly, children and fugitives. This will help to prevent happening of crimes. Moreover, this new technology makes the purchasing function to be faster and more convenient. Lastly, service marketing indicatives could use standard CRM principles to properly track, treat, and order required products and services that personally identify the customer, the needed services, and the proper billing information for such services.

Week Assgn

Mixed Methods Lori Hudson Walden University Mixed methods research is combined with qualitative and quantitative research methods which consist Of the quality and emphasize measurement and variables (Dentin & Lincoln, 2003). In this paper, I will provide information about mixed methods and what type of designs, timing, and data collection that was used by Tortes. I will also discuss the theoretical lens that will be used in the study. Will also discuss the data analysis, which will deliver bendable information and the rationale as to why mixed methods were used in this particular article.Design Using the mixed methods research article by Tortes provided in the Learning Resources, briefly describe the type of design and the timing of the data collection. Theoretical Lens Briefly describe the theoretical lens that underlies the study. Be sure to support your points with scholarly support. Data Analysis Briefly describe the data analysis procedures used in the study. Be sure to support your points with scholarly support. Rationale for Mixed Methods Explain the rationale for using the mixed method design in this study.Be sure to support your points with scholarly support. Conclusion Your conclusion section should recap the major points you have made in your work. However, perhaps more importantly, you should interpret what you have written and what the bigger picture is. Remember your paper should be 2 – 3 pages not counting your title page and reference page. Please do not exceed three pages of content. Save your Application as a â€Å". Doc† or â€Å". RTF† file tit the filename APP+your first initial+last name.For example, Sally Ride's assignment filename would be â€Å"Appeasers†. Use the â€Å"Submit an Assignment† link, choose the Week 9: Application basket, and then add your Application as an attachment. References Always include references. Be sure every reference is in PAP format with a hanging indent. Also, every citatio n should have a reference and vice versa. Use the PAP manual, the Citation Guide or some source to verify your format. PAP is very specific about punctuation and how elements Of the reference are presented.

Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism Essays

Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism Essays Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism Paper Chapter 19 Industrialization and Nationalism Paper Essay Topic: Literature The realist novels of Flaubert and Dickens criticized aspects of 19th century life and conditions. Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease. Romantic painters aimed to mirror the artists imagination What do the writers Scott, Shelley, Poe and Wordsworth have in common? They were all romantic writers. Through music, literature, and painting, the romantic artists attempted to stir the emotions. The theory that life forms developed from simpler forms organic evolution indifference to religion secularization theory that some organisms are more adaptable natural selection Literary movement that stressed ordinary characters and precise description realism emphasis on using feelings and emotions over reason. romanticism. seekers of new business opportunities entrepreneurs money supply capital production method using rural at home workers cottage industry governmental ownership and control of production. Socialism invention that improved thread production spinning jenny A powerful monarchy did not contribute to Britains Industrial Revolution. The textile industry met its last major challenge to full mechanization. with the development and improvements to the steam engine. The spread of the factory system resulted in the movement away from home production, the need for more power, and increased exports of British cotton goods. The Industrial Revolution created new jobs in railroad construction, coal mining, and factory production. James Watt improved the steam engine. Metternich claimed, after Napoleons defeat, that lawful monarchs should be restored to power. After Napoleon, France was governed until 1830 by a king The peace settlement that followed the defeat of Napoleon was developed at the Congress of Vienna. Which of the following was the first president of the 2nd Republic in France? Louis-Napoleon In 1848 revolutions took place in France, Germany and Italy. Collection of different peoples under the same government, as in the Austrian Empire a multi-national state. voting rights for all adult men universal male suffrage belief that people should be free from government restaint liberalism right of powerful countries to maintain order throughout Europe Principle of intervention belief in tradition and social stability conservatism German word for emperor Kaiser Bismarcks theory of practical, as opposed to idealistic, governance realpolitik reliance on military strength militarism law that freed the Russian serfs emancipation edict withdraw from or choose not to be part of secede The Compromise of 1867 created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary, created a single monarch to govern Austria-Hungary, and established a common Austrian-Hungarian Army. Louis-Napoleon assumed the title of Napoleon III, Emperor of France and at first he limited civil liberties. Which of the following was a major threat to American national unity during the 19th century Slavery Bismarck faced opposition from Austria, France and the legislature. Britain avoided any form of revolution in 1848 by giving the industrial middle class the vote.

Jill Came Tumbling After

Jill Came Tumbling After Jill Came Tumbling After Jill Came Tumbling After By Maeve Maddox The word fall in English, both as a verb and a noun, has numerous meanings. People can fall, but so can stocks, water levels, and empires. As a noun fall can refer to the season Fall, the fall of a city, and the Fall of Man. Leaving aside the many ways in which inanimate objects can fall, people can be said to fall, slip, topple, tumble, keel over, and take a spill. Each choice carries a different connotation. topple suggests a fall from a high place, possibly induced or caused by a displacement of weight: He lost his balance at the summit and toppled to the canyon floor. keel over suggests that the person fell over suddenly: We were walking along talking when she simply keeled over. take a spill would be appropriate to describe a fall from a horse or from skis. For me tumble is a playful word for a fall with minor consequences. Perhaps it’s because I associate it with a nursery rhyme. When Jack fell down and broke his crown, Jill came tumbling after. And while the words â€Å"broke his crown† may suggest a split skull, all it means is that Jack cut his forehead: Up Jack got and home did trot, As fast as he could caper, To old Dame Dob, who patched his nob With vinegar and brown paper. In my mind people who â€Å"tumble† may get hurt, but they aren’t killed, so I’d use tumble to describe a minor fall. Because I don’t associate serious consequences with the word tumble, I was startled by its use in a grim news story: David John Pimental, 19, of Fort Smith tumbled off a bridge around 10:15 p.m. This â€Å"tumble† was not minor. In an attempt to avoid oncoming traffic during an ice storm, the unfortunate Pimental slid from a dark ice-covered bridge and plummeted 180 feet to his death. From The Oxford American Writer’s Thesaurus, 2nd ed.( 2008), here are some more words for the way people can fall: go head over heels go headlong collapse pitch forward trip stumble slip Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Shelia's Cake Decorating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shelia's Cake Decorating - Essay Example Aside from baked goods, light snacks such as sandwiches and salads is also offered. Aside from the delights from the bakeshop, customers in need of a specialized cake with plain or even elaborate decorations can be ordered from here. The prices are very competitive and lead time for orders is only a day’s notice. There is also a bookshelf in the nook that contains classic literary books that can be read. Since the bakeshop is a place to meet for different reasons, there is a cork board where messages can be written . The place is envisioned as an important part of one’s routine since sipping coffee, reading newspapers, and buying goodies for children waiting at home is a joyful task that can be accomplished in Sheila’s Bakeshop. In the next few years, it would have more loyal customers patronizing its wider array of baked goods. New customers will be gained as word of mouth advertisement will work effectively for the promotion of the bakeshop. Many satisfied cust omers would refer the bakeshop to family, friend, and clients. As the bakeshop gains reputation for having baked goods served with friendly service , it may develop another franchise in some parts of the city. Sheila’s Cake Decorating and Bakeshop is a sole proprietorship type of business. The owner has extensively trained in baking at international baking schools under the tutelage of renowned bake decorating professionals. More importantly, The owner is also an MBA graduate from Wharton University specializing in Finance. The owner has substantial personal savings invested in this business; however, a loan from one of the private banks will boost the capital formation in terms of baking equipments that needs to be purchased. The main goal of Sheila’s Cake Decorating and Bakeshop is to supply the demands of the population for baked products as well as give the most artistic cake decoration that is reasonably priced. Nevertheless,

The function of lunges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The function of lunges - Essay Example The bronchi further subdivide into bronchioles that divide even further into air sacs known as alveoli. Once inside the alveoli, air penetrates through a remarkably thin and wet membrane into the blood capillaries. Hemoglobin is the blood component that carries carbon dioxide from the heart. It releases it for exhalation in a backward process through the bronchioles, bronchi trachea and out through the nostrils. Oxygen present in the fresh air binds itself on the surface of hemoglobin and is transported to the heart for pumping to the other parts of the body. With oxygen supplied and carbon dioxide released, the gaseous exchange process is complete, which is the main function of the lungs (Hlastala and Albert 39). The lungs provide protection for the heart. The lungs are huge compared to all the other organs located in the chest cavity. They are made up of soft tissue and from their location on each side of the chest; they offer protection to the heart and other organs such as the arteries. Their soft tissue cushions the heart and acts as a shock absorber (Chiras 76). Lungs are fairly large with the human lungs ranging between ten and twelve inches. They can hold up to four hundred and fifty milliliters of blood. That is about nine percent of the all the blood circulating in the body. The lungs act as a reservoir from where blood is drawn to compensate for the blood lost through hemorrhage (Chiras 76). The lungs prevent the body from air-borne infection. Sometimes dust, bacteria or any other harmful particles are inhaled together with air. The mucus layer at the surface of the respiratory surface traps any of these foreign particles. The foreign materials are moved upwards through the beating of cilia, or the lungs initiate a cough that causes the expulsion of the materials outside the body (Chiras 77). Apart from being significant for metabolism, gaseous exchange has a second significance. It is necessary for